Preemption and Graceful Termination

Graceful Termination

Cerebrium runs in a shared, multi-tenant environment. The platform continuously adjusts capacity — spinning down nodes and launching new ones to scale, optimize compute usage, and roll out updates. Workloads are migrated to new nodes during this process. Applications also have metric-based autoscaling criteria that dictate when instances scale, remain active, or shift during deployments. Implement graceful termination to prevent requests from ending prematurely when instances are marked for termination.

Understanding Instance Termination

For both application autoscaling and internal node scaling, the platform sends a SIGTERM signal to warn the application of an impending shutdown. Cortex applications (Cerebrium’s default runtime) handle this automatically. Custom runtimes must catch and handle this signal to shut down gracefully. Once response_grace_period elapses, the platform sends a SIGKILL signal, terminating the instance immediately. When Cerebrium terminates a container, the following sequence occurs:

Stop routing new requests to the container.
Send a SIGTERM signal to the container.
Wait for response_grace_period seconds to elapse.
Send SIGKILL if the container hasn’t stopped.

The following diagram illustrates this flow: Without SIGTERM handling in a custom runtime, Cerebrium terminates containers immediately after sending SIGTERM, which interrupts in-flight requests and causes 502 errors.

Implementation

For custom runtimes using FastAPI, implement the lifespan pattern to respond to SIGTERM.

main.py

Create a new file named main.py with the following:

from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException, Request
from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
import asyncio
from dataclasses import dataclass

@dataclass
class AppState:
    active_requests: int = 0
    shutting_down: bool = False
    shutdown_event: asyncio.Event = None
    lock: asyncio.Lock = None

    def __post_init__(self):
        if self.shutdown_event is None:
            self.shutdown_event = asyncio.Event()
        if self.lock is None:
            self.lock = asyncio.Lock()

@asynccontextmanager
async def lifespan(app: FastAPI):
    app.state.app_state = AppState()
    yield

    state = app.state.app_state
    state.shutting_down = True

    if state.active_requests > 0:
        try:
            await asyncio.wait_for(state.shutdown_event.wait(), timeout=30.0)
        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
            pass

app = FastAPI(lifespan=lifespan)

@app.middleware("http")
async def track_requests(request: Request, call_next):
    state: AppState = request.app.state.app_state

    async with state.lock:
        if state.shutting_down:
            raise HTTPException(status_code=503, detail="Service shutting down")
        state.active_requests += 1

    try:
        response = await call_next(request)
        return response
    finally:
        async with state.lock:
            state.active_requests -= 1
            if state.shutting_down and state.active_requests == 0:
                state.shutdown_event.set()

@app.get("/ready")
async def ready(request: Request):
    state: AppState = request.app.state.app_state

    async with state.lock:
        if state.shutting_down:
            raise HTTPException(status_code=503, detail="Not ready - shutting down")

    return {"status": "ready", "active_requests": state.active_requests}

@app.post("/hello")
def hello():
    return {"message": "Hello Cerebrium!"}

cerebrium.toml

If you already have a cerebrium.toml file, add or update these sections. If you don’t have one, create a new file with the following:

[cerebrium.deployment]
name = "your-app-name"
include = ["./*"]
exclude = [".*"]

[cerebrium.hardware]
cpu = 1
memory = 1.0
compute = "CPU"
gpu_count = 0

[cerebrium.scaling]
min_replicas = 0
max_replicas = 2
cooldown = 30
replica_concurrency = 1  # Must match max_concurrency in your AppState

[cerebrium.runtime.custom]
port = 8000
dockerfile_path = "./Dockerfile"

Key configuration notes:

replica_concurrency should match max_concurrency in your AppState class (if you add that field)
port must match the port in your Dockerfile CMD
Adjust hardware settings based on your application needs

Dockerfile

Create a new file named Dockerfile with the following:

FROM python:3.12-bookworm
COPY . .
RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
EXPOSE 8000
CMD ["uvicorn", "main:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "8000"]

requirements.txt

Add to your existing requirements.txt or create a new file with:

fastapi[standard]

Key Points

The /ready endpoint is essential for proper load balancing during scaling events
Without a proper /ready endpoint, Cerebrium uses TCP ping which only checks if the port is open, potentially routing traffic to replicas that are shutting down
All request tracking uses asyncio locks to ensure thread safety

Test SIGTERM handling locally before deploying: start your app, send SIGTERM with Ctrl+C, and verify you see graceful shutdown logs.

​Graceful Termination

​Understanding Instance Termination

​Implementation

​main.py

​cerebrium.toml

​Dockerfile

​requirements.txt

​Key Points

Graceful Termination

Understanding Instance Termination

Implementation

main.py

cerebrium.toml

Dockerfile

requirements.txt

Key Points